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When were rock doves first domesticated by humans?

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Domestic pigeon (Columba livia) — Columbiform Domestic pigeon (*Columba livia*)

The rock dove (Columba livia) is considered perhaps the first bird to be tamed by humans. While the term "rock dove" appeared in English language records much later, historical evidence of their domestication dates back significantly further.1

Humanity has portrayed the domestic pigeon in figurines, mosaics, and coins since at least 4500 BCE in Mesopotamia. Throughout history, these Columbidae have served various roles, including as a source of food and as messengers. Today, they remain significant in fields such as genetics and endocrinology, and they are kept worldwide for racing, exhibition, and utility purposes.12