What physical traits help identify pigeons and doves?

Pigeons and doves belong to the family Columbidae within the order Columbiformes. While the terms are often used interchangeably, "dove" typically refers to smaller, long-tailed species, whereas "pigeon" often denotes larger forms.12

Key physical traits used to identify these birds include:

• Head and Bill: They possess a relatively small head and a small, soft bill. A defining feature is the cere—a fleshy, swollen skin saddle located between the bill and the forehead that envelops the nostrils.3145
• Body Shape: They are generally plump with a compact shape, supported by well-developed pectoral muscles.15
• Wings and Flight: Most species have long, powerful wings, making them strong and swift fliers. However, some ground-dwelling or woodland species have shorter, rounded wings.315
• Plumage: Their feathers are dense and soft. While many are colored in soft grays, browns, and blacks, some species exhibit iridescent patches or vibrant colors like green, orange, or purple.345
• Legs: They typically have short legs, though terrestrial species may have longer legs for walking.5