What evidence shows that octopuses can learn?

Scientific research has established that octopuses possess significant intelligence and are capable of learning. Evidence for this cognitive ability is derived from several key areas:1

• Laboratory Studies: Experiments conducted by zoologists have demonstrated that octopuses can learn through processes involving food acceptance, reward and punishment, maze navigation, and shape discrimination. These studies have utilized surgical techniques to map the functional centers of the octopus brain, identifying specific associative areas responsible for learning, memory, and object discrimination.12
• Behavioral Flexibility: Octopuses exhibit a high degree of flexibility in their responses, such as learning to distinguish between palatable and unpalatable prey and adjusting their predatory behavior accordingly.2
• Tool Use: Field observations have documented the veined octopus (Amphioctopus marginatus) excavating and carrying coconut shells to use as portable shelters. This is recognized as the first documented instance of tool use by an invertebrate, highlighting their complex problem-solving capabilities.1

These behaviors are supported by a highly developed nervous system that features a complex brain capable of coordinating extensive and sophisticated activities.12