How does complete metamorphosis occur in neuropterans?

Neuropterans undergo holometabolous development, a process of complete metamorphosis characterized by distinct life stages where the larvae are entirely different in form from the adults.1

The process follows these key phases:

• Larval Development: Neuropterans typically progress through three larval stages. These larvae are carnivorous and possess specialized jaws—formed by the mandible and maxilla—that function as sucking tubes for liquid food.23
• Cocoon Construction: Before pupation, the larva spins a characteristic double cocoon by secreting silk through its anus. It first creates a loose outer layer, followed by a tightly woven inner layer.2
• Prepupal and Pupal Stages: The larva may remain in a prepupal stage within the cocoon for several days or months before molting into a pupa. Neuropteran pupae are exarate, meaning their limbs are free.2
• Emergence: To exit the cocoon, most species use functional mandibles to chew an opening. The adult emerges either as the pupa leaves the cocoon or shortly after it has reached a suitable position.23