How do planthoppers differ in the shape and position of their wings?

Planthoppers, which belong to the superfamily Fulgoroidea, exhibit significant variation in wing shape and resting position depending on the specific family.1

While many homopterans hold their forewings in a rooflike position over the dorsum when at rest, planthoppers display diverse adaptations:21

• Vertical Positioning: In families such as Flatidae and Acanaloniidae, the wings are held almost vertically at the sides of the body when the insect is at rest.1
• Wing Shape and Size: Wing morphology varies widely across the group. For example, Acanaloniidae possess very broad wings with reticulate venation, while Issidae typically have wings that are shorter than the body or oval in shape.1
• Structural Details: Some families are distinguished by specific wing features, such as the presence of numerous cross veins along the costal or apical borders in Flatidae, or the lack of reticulate venation in the anal area of Derbidae. Additionally, Achilidae are noted for having forewings that overlap at the apex.1