How do passerine feet differ between tree-dwelling birds and ground-dwelling birds?

Passerine birds are characterized by a "perching" foot, where all four toes are well-developed and the hind toe (hallux) is positioned to oppose the front toes for gripping branches. While all passerines possess this basic structure, their feet are often modified based on whether they are primarily tree-dwelling or ground-dwelling.1

Arboreal (Tree-Dwelling) Passerines

Typical arboreal songbirds possess well-developed feet with a middle front toe that is longer than the others, suited for gripping various surfaces. Species that frequently cling to vertical surfaces, such as woodcreepers and nuthatches, have evolved strong, curved, and sharp claws to aid in climbing.1

Terrestrial (Ground-Dwelling) Passerines

Passerines that are largely terrestrial, such as larks and pipits, have feet modified for walking and running. These feet differ from the typical perching type in their proportions, often featuring:1
* Longer toes1
* Longer, straighter claws, particularly on the hallux, to assist with balance1
* Blunter claws in species that spend significant time scratching the ground1