How do male kangaroos establish dominance during mating season?

During the mating season, male kangaroos engage in physical combat to establish dominance and secure access to females. These matches involve a combination of boxing, biting, and kicking.123

To maintain balance and stability while delivering powerful kicks with their hind legs, males often grapple their opponents in a behavior that resembles a "hug". During these encounters, they frequently lean back on their tails, which act as a third leg to provide support. In addition to these tactics, males may attempt to gouge their opponent's eyes, a move that the other kangaroo will try to avoid by tilting its head back. The largest male in a group, often referred to as an "old man" or "boomer," typically dominates during this period.312