How do golden moles dig through soil?

It is a common misconception that all moles dig in the same way; however, golden moles (order Chrysochloridea) are distinct from true moles and utilize specific anatomical adaptations to navigate their environment.1

To excavate burrows, golden moles use their leathery muzzles, forefeet, and strong claws—two of which are shaped like pickaxes—to loosen the soil. They then push the debris under their bodies using their claws and muzzle, while their hind feet move the material out of the burrow.1

In contrast, some species, such as Grant’s golden mole, inhabit sand dunes and do not rely on permanent burrows. Instead, they "swim" through the sand using their front limbs and muzzles to travel just below the surface. While these methods are highly effective for their respective habitats, they differ significantly from the tunnel-building behaviors of other fossorial mammals.12