How do giant pandas communicate with each other in the wild?

Giant pandas primarily use their sense of smell to communicate. They possess a scent gland near their anus, which they rub against trees, rocks, and grass to leave olfactory messages. These scents convey information about the individual's identity, sex, and possibly social status. Males use scent to mark their territories, while females primarily use it to signal when they are in estrus. While scent is crucial for communication, males also use vocalizations to locate females during the mating season.1