How do flies contribute to pollination?

Flies (order Diptera) are significant, though often overlooked, pollinators that contribute to plant reproduction through various foraging behaviors.12

• Carrion Pollination: Many flies are attracted to "carrion flowers" (such as the titan arum and cuckoopint) that mimic the scent and appearance of rotting meat. These plants often use heat and fetid odors to trap flies, forcing them to contact reproductive organs and effect cross-pollination.134
• Nectar and Pollen Foraging: Most adult flies visit flowers to obtain nectar for carbohydrates and pollen for protein. While feeding, flies often probe deep into blossoms, inadvertently covering their bodies with pollen that is then transferred to other flowers.2
• Specialized Pollinators: Certain flies have evolved specialized mouthparts for pollination. For example, mosquitoes pollinate specific orchids, and the bee fly (Bombylius) is an important long-tongued pollinator in Europe. In South Africa, species like Moegistorhynchus longirostris possess exceptionally long tongues adapted for deep-tubed flowers.14