Britannica Sources used in this answer

How do birds use wind and geographic features during migration?

Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.

A zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) with a bright orange beak, gray head, orange cheek patch, and black-and-white striped tail perches on a branch. — Bird A brightly colored zebra finch (*Taeniopygia guttata*) perched on a branch.

During migration, birds utilize wind and geographic features to optimize their energy consumption and navigate across vast distances.

Use of Wind

Birds often adjust their flight direction and speed in accordance with the force and direction of the wind. Many species, particularly pelagic birds like albatrosses, cover thousands of miles by drifting with prevailing winds. Soaring birds, such as eagles and vultures, use thermal updrafts to gain elevation without expending significant energy. Additionally, some birds use winds deflected by hills to assist in their flight.1234

Use of Geographic Features

Geographic features serve as critical navigational aids and structural guides for migrating birds:
* Landmarks: Birds use topographical landmarks—including mountain systems, river systems, and coastlines—to orient themselves during their journey.5
* Barriers: Migratory routes are often shaped by the need to navigate over or around geographic barriers, such as mountain ranges, which may require birds to fly at higher altitudes.3
* Routes: While many birds travel along broad fronts, their specific paths are frequently determined by geographical factors like valleys and coasts, which provide consistent guidance across long distances.1