How do Asian elephants communicate over long distances?

Asian elephants communicate over long distances primarily through low-frequency vocalizations known as infrasonic calls. These calls, which occur at frequencies between 5 and 24 hertz, are produced by the larynx and a specialized pharyngeal pouch that acts as a resonating chamber.12

These low-frequency sounds are highly effective for long-distance communication because they can travel through both the air and the ground. Other elephants can detect these calls as seismic waves or through their hearing at distances of up to 4 km (2.5 miles). This method allows Asian elephants to effectively warn one another of potential predators. In addition to these vocalizations, elephants may also produce sounds by striking their trunks against trees, the ground, or their own tusks.12