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How are rodents used in biomedical and genetic research?

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black-tailed prairie dog — rodent Black-tailed prairie dog (*Cynomys ludovicianus*).

Rodents, particularly mice and rats, are essential in biomedical and genetic research due to their significant biological and genetic similarities to humans. Their use is supported by several key factors:123

Genetic Modeling: Because mice and humans share many genes, researchers use them to study the genetic basis of human diseases. Knockout mice—genetically engineered to have specific genes inactivated—allow scientists to observe the resulting phenotypic changes and deduce the function of those genes. Similarly, transgenic animals, which contain inserted foreign genetic material, are used to study gene function and hereditary conditions.1435
Efficiency: Rodents have short life cycles, enabling researchers to observe the progression of diseases and the effects of treatments across entire lifespans or multiple generations in a relatively short time.13
Drug Development: They serve as critical platforms for preclinical testing of new drug therapies.43

Ethically, the use of animals in research is a serious matter that requires a commitment to the "three Rs": replacement, reduction, and refinement. It is a fundamental ethical principle that animal welfare must be prioritized through strict oversight, humane housing, and the minimization of pain and distress.31