How are eastern coyotes related to wolves and domestic dogs?

Eastern coyotes, often colloquially referred to as "coywolves," are not a distinct species but rather a hybrid population resulting from interbreeding between coyotes (Canis latrans), wolves (Canis lupus), and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).12

While coyotes and wolves are separate species, they are closely related members of the Canidae family and are capable of hybridization. Genetic research indicates that the eastern coyote population possesses a primary genetic foundation of coyote DNA, supplemented by significant contributions from both wolf and dog lineages. These hybrid animals are typically larger than the average coyote, weighing approximately 4.5 kg (10 pounds) more.12

The relationship between these animals is further defined by their ability to interbreed; domestic dogs are a subspecies of the gray wolf and will mate willingly with both wolves and coyotes. Despite these genetic overlaps, the three groups maintain distinct behavioral and physical characteristics, such as the coyote's smaller, more agile build compared to the larger, more robust wolf.321