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How are bivalve shells used to make jewelry, ornaments, and capiz products?

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Bivalve shells are utilized in various decorative and functional ways due to their diverse forms, colors, and unique microstructures, such as mother-of-pearl, which is an inner layer found in many species.1

Throughout history, these shells have been crafted into jewelry, buttons, and inlays. In many developing nations, various types of bivalve shells are specifically processed to create ornaments and jewelry.12

A notable example is the windowpane oyster (Placuna placenta), which provides the capiz shell. Primarily in the Philippines, these shells are manufactured into a variety of household products, including:

Lampshades2
Trays2
Mats2
Bowls2

The shells are composed largely of calcium carbonate secreted by the mantle, allowing them to be shaped and polished for these decorative purposes.1